Field tests results of sodium chlorate-based gas-generating compositions with solid combustible components
M.A. Marinin1, V.N. Kovalevskiy1, N.N. Sergienko1, E.A. Krilov2, V.K. Brusevich3
1 Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
2 Promstroyvzriv LLC, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
3 Promservis LLC, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
Russian Mining Industry №4S/ 2026 p. 142-149
Abstract: This article presents the results of field tests of two-component mixtures of sodium chlorate as an oxidizer with solid combustible components. A method for calculating percentage ratio of the mixture components for a zero oxygen balance and the field tests results are described. The fact of breaking an oversized rock by a blasthole charge consisting of the test composition with a single DShE-6 shock tube as a primer along the entire charge was used as a criterion to asses the performance of this composition in industrial applications of dimensional stone quarrying or in secondary breaking. It has been established that the use of sodium chlorate mixtures with solid combustible components can be commercially used both for dimensional stone quarrying and for secondary breaking. Further research into the proposed compositions involves increasing the number of field tests to be performed to assess their characteristics. Adding a third component to two-component mixtures to boost the energy performance of the compositions seems highly promising. The protecting properties of the investigated compositions are of a particular interest.
Keywords: oxygen balance, two-component mixtures, gas generators, fuel-oxidizer mixture, universal gas-generating element, secondary breaking, dimensional stone quarrying, blasting operations
Acknowledgements: Nikolay N. Sergienko expresses his personal gratitude as the author to Timofey V. Vasiliev, General Director of Promstroyvzryv LLC, for coordinating the place and time of the field tests, and to Aleksey K. Boltovskiy, Senior Blast Specialist of Promstroyvzryv LLC, for his assistance in executing the field tests and for sharing his industrial experience.
For citation: Marinin M.A., Kovalevskiy V.N., Sergienko N.N., Krilov E.A., Brusevich V.K. Field tests results of sodium chloratebased gas-generating compositions with solid combustible components. Russian Mining Industry. 2026;(4S):142–149. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2026-4S-142-149
Article info
Received: 09.06.2026
Revised: 29.07.2026
Accepted: 17.08.2026
Information about the authors
Mikhail A. Marinin – Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assistant Professor of Blasting Department, Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5575-9343; e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Vladimir N. Kovalevskiy – Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assistant Professor of Blasting Department, Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7155-2000; e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Nikolay N. Sergienko – Postgraduate Student of Blasting Department, Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6509-4297; e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Evgeny A. Krilov – Head of Production Site, Promstroyvzriv LLC, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Vladimir K. Brusevich – General Manager, Promservis LLC, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
References
1. Lopatin D.N., Volkov A.V. Experience in mechanization of blasting operations for underground mining. Problems of Subsoil Use. 2022;(3):128–135. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25635/2313-1586.2022.03.128
2. Lyashenko V.I., Nebogin V.Z., Shkarin V.V. Increase of ecological safety of explosive works execution by means of emulsive explosives at the open-pit mines of the Ukraine. Occupational Safety in Industry. 2015;(4):38–44. (In Russ.)
3. Bulushev D.A., Sultanov E.V., Akinin N.I., Smirnov S.P. Water-resistance determination of ammonium nitrate industrial explosvies. Chemical Industry Developments. 2024;(1):41–50. (In Russ.)
4. Petrov E.A. Development of industrial explosives production depending on the geotechnological conditions of their application. Explosion Technology. 2026;(150-107):86–106. (In Russ.)
5. Kuznetsova O.V., Levashov P.Y. Optimizing costs for a mining enterprise's explosives supply through the implementation of in-house production of emulsion explosives. Ekonomicheskoe Razvitie Regiona: Upravlenie, Innovatsii, Podgotovka Kadrov. 2025;(12):124–128. (In Russ.)
6. Turtygina N.A., Batraliev R.Sh., Okhrimenko A.V., Ryzhenkov K.A. Modern experience in the technological development of drilling and blasting operations in the extraction of copper-nickel ores. Explosion Technology. 2026;(150-107):39–62. (In Russ.)
7. Lyashenko V.I., Golik V.I., Tomashenko, V.I., Nebogin V.Z. The higher production efficiency of blasting using emulsion explosives in the mines. Explosion Technology. 2018;(119-76):143–163. (In Russ.)
8. Umarov F.Ya., Nasirov U.F., Nutfulloev G.S., Gaibnazarov B.A. Experimental research of shaped charges with electrohydraulic effect with a view to improving blasting safety and efficiency. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2022;(8):6–11. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17580/gzh.2022.08.04
9. Gospodarikov A.P., Kirilenko V.I., Milkov A.S., Shilenko S.Yu. Model parameters of ore and rock mass in Zapolyarny Mine for discrete modeling of ore drawing under caved rocks. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2025;(9):13–19. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17580/gzh.2025.09.02
10. Gospodarikov A.P., Kovalevskiy V.N., Rumyantsev A.E., Kirilenko V.I. Adapting the Kuz–Ram fragmentation model to underground mining. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2026;(2):72–79. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17580/gzh.2026.02.09
11. Kholodilov A.N., Kirilenko V.I., Shevchenko P.R., Samosenko I.V. Change in stability factor of physical model of mining system with regard to location and parameters of clayey interbeds. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2025;(6):81–86. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17580/gzh.2025.06.12
12. Isheisky V.A., Ryadinskii D.E., Magomedov G.S. Calculation of burden by the first row of blastholes in complex-structure rock mass blasting with regard to cracked zone radii. Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2025;(3):64–79. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25018/0236_1493_2025_3_0_64
13. Isheisky V A., Ryadinskii D.E., Magomedov G.S. Increasing the quality of fragmentation of blasting rock mass based on accounting for structural features of massif in the blast design. Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2023;(9-1):79–95. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25018/0236_1493_2023_91_0_79
14. Yakubovskiy M.M., Getmanova A.R., Kuzina A.V. Problems of extraction of building materials and the possibilities of their solution. Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories. 2024;16(4):1706–1716. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2024-16-4-1706-1716
15. Vinogradov Yu.I., Khokhlov S.V., Zigangirov R.R. Energy-based concept for calculating explosive weight in open pit mining given variable physical and mechanical properties of rocks. Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2024;(6):50–68. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25018/0236_1493_2024_6_0_50
16. Ligotsky D.N., Dolgushin N.A. Analysis of experience in the use of unmanned technologies in open pit mining and prospects for their development. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2025;(2):42–47. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17580/gzh.2025.02.06
17. Krapivina I.S. Method of determining rational parameters of blasting during trenches works. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2015;(1):102–108. (In Russ.)
18. Sabelnikov S.N., Fedorov A.Yu. Excavation using blasting methods. Regionalnye Aspekty Upravleniya, Ekonomiki i Prava Severo-Zapadnogo Federalnogo Okruga Rossii. 2019;(1):117–122. (In Russ.)
19. Ren K., Jiang A., Guo X., Min Q. Research on optimization design of tunnel blasting scheme adjacent to buildings. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(20):11509. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011509
20. Zhang S., Zhang Z., Wang K., He D., Huang Y. Research on the impact of blasting vibration in mining areas on surrounding railway structures. Applied Sciences. 2025;15(9):4624. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094624
21. Sokolov S. T., Khokhlov S. V., Bazhenova A. V. Design concepts for explosion products locking in chamber. Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2023;(9-1):122–134. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25018/0236_1493_2023_91_0_122
22. Menshikov P.V., Zharikov S.N., Kutuev V.A. Research of detonation parameters of emulsion explosives poremit 1A. Problems of Subsoil Use. 2020;(4):32–41. (In Russ.) Available at: https://trud.igduran.ru/index.php/psu/article/view/304 (accessed: 17.04.2026).
23. Shemenev V.G., Zharikov S.N., Menshikov P.V., Sinitsyn V.A. The relationship between detonation characteristics of nitronit emulsion explosive. Problems of Subsoil Use. 2016;(2):112–116. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18454/2313-1586.2016.02.112
24. Galimyanov Al.A., Rudnitsky K.A., Gildenbrant K.V., Korneeva S.I., Kazarina E.N., Mishnev V.I. Impact of booster characteristics on the detonation velocity of composite explosives. Russian Mining Industry. 2023;(3):130–133. https://doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2023-3-130-133
25. Dobrynin I.A. The results of measuring the detonation rate in borehole charges in the conditions of mining enterprises. Occupational Safety in Industry. 2008;(6):42–46. (In Russ.)
26. Yunoshev A.S., Plastinin A.V., Rafeichik S.I. Detonation velocity of an emulsion explosive sensitized with polymer microballoons. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves. 2017;53(6):738–743. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0010508217060168
27. Khokhlov S.V., Vinogradov Yu.I., Makkoev V.A., Abiyev Z.A. Effect of explosive detonation velocity on the degree of rock prefracturing during blasting. Mining Science and Technology (Russia). 2024;9(2):85–96. https://doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2023-11-177
28. Afanasev P.I., Belov A.A. Assessment of the seismic-blast effects on the marginal rock mass due to the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the blast. Russian Mining Industry. 2025;(3):138–145. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2025-3-138-145
29. Kholodilov A.N., Gospodarikov A.P., Eremenko A.A. Procedural framework for explosion classification by the seismic load criterion. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2021;(5):98–102. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17580/gzh.2021.05.13
30. Deng Z., Meng J., Deng Y., Ni J., Ye D. Analysis of vibration signals near ground surface during blasting excavation of a tunnel in fractured rock. Scientific Reports. 2024;14:21099. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73089-1
31. Afanasev P.I., Akhmetov A.R., Fadeev A.A., Shmonin I.V. A seismic impact forecasting methodology for production blasts at the Kedrovsky coal mine based on explosives energy properties. Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2026;(2-1):5–18. (In Russ.) Available at: https://giab-online.ru/files/Data/2026/2-1/2-1_2026_5-18.pdf (accessed: 28.04.2026).
32. Pershin G.D., Ulyakov M.S. Improving the development efficiency of fields of high-strength block stone. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2014;(7):10–18. (In Russ.)
33. Prastowo R., Purnomo H., Firmansyah F., Ipmawan V.L. Artificial neural network evaluation and prediction of blast-induced peak particle velocity – a case study of limestone mining. Indonesian Mining Journal. 2024;27(1):1–9. Available at: https://jurnal.tekmira.esdm.go.id/index.php/imj/article/view/1531 (accessed: 28.04.2026).
34. Dambaev Zh.G. Mathematical modeling of voltages waves interaction at explosion of charges system arranged in a row. BSU Bulletin. Mathematics, Informatics. 2014;(1):60–66. (In Russ.)
35. Pavlov I.V., Irkanaeva A.A. Nondestructive quality testing of natural stone blocks. NDT World. 2014;(1):53–56. (In Russ.)
36. Bychkov G.V., Kokunina L.V., Kazakov S.V. Drilling and blasting method of mining of monoliths and natural stone blocks. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2008;(1):45–49. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.rudmet.ru/journal/725/article/9831/ (accessed: 28.04.2026).
37. Blinov I.F. Chlorate and perchlorate explosives. Moscow: Oborongiz; 1941. 104 p. (In Russ.) Available at: https://djvu.online/file/BG1NNm17eetG7 (accessed: 28.04.2026).
38. Mishin Y.M., Strogij I.B., Victorov S.D., Shlyapin A.V. The calculated method of determining the dosage of mixed explosives. Explosion Technology. 2018;(119-76):78–89. (In Russ.)
39. Tverda O., Petrenko O., Tkachuk K. Influence of explosive composition on the quantities of harmful gases during the blasting in open pits. Aktualnye Nauchnye Issledovaniya v Sovremennom Mire. 2018;(3-7):39–44. (In Russ.)
40. Shtashkevych T., Galiakberova F., Mangos Yu. Influence of the content of inert additives on the preventive properties of explosives. Naukovi Pratsi Donetskogo Natsionalnogo Tekhnichnogo Universitetu. Seriya: Khimiya i Khimichna Tekhnologiya. 2009;(13):151–156.
41. Masaev Yu.A., Domanov V.P., Kuznetsova K.V. Development of new safety explosives as a basis for blasting safety. Bulletin of the Kuzbass State Technical University. 2006;(5):33–34. (In Russ.) Available at: https://journals.kuzstu.ru/article/900.pdf (accessed: 28.04.2026).
42. Dochilov N.E., Pevchenko B.V., Petrov E.A., Piterkin R.N., Khvorov A.I. High safety industrial explosives. Explosion Technology. 2023;(140-97):195–212. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18698/0372-7009-2023-9-16
43. Makhov M.N. Ability to accelerate of aluminum-containing explosive compositions. Advances in Chemical Physics. 2018;37(4):51–58. (In Russ.)
44. Makhov M.N. Acceleration ability of the mixtures of explosives with positive and negative oxygen balance. Advances in Chemical Physics. 2024;43(8):62–69. (In Russ.) Available at: https://chemphysras.ru/10-31857-s0207401x24080076-1/ (accessed: 28.04.2026).



